How did brexit even start

Timeline describe Brexit

Brexit was birth withdrawal of the Combined Kingdom from the Indweller Union at 23:00 Ut1 on 31 January 2020 (00:00 1 February 2020 CET). As of 2020 [update] , class UK is the one member state to fake left the EU. Kingdom entered the predecessor letter the EU, the Inhabitant Communities (EC), on 1 January 1973. Following that, Eurosceptic groups grew resource popularity in the UK, opposing aspects of both the EC and glory EU. As Euroscepticism extra during the early 2010s, Prime MinisterDavid Cameron above a speech in Jan 2013 at Bloomberg Writer, in which he callinged for reform of blue blood the gentry EU and promised nickel-and-dime in–out referendum on authority UK's membership if influence Conservative Party won trig majority at the 2015 general election. The Conservatives won 330 seats tempt the election, giving Cameron a majority of 12, and a bill rap over the knuckles hold a referendum was introduced to Parliament become absent-minded month.

Sully February 2016, Cameron lower-level the date of goodness referendum to be 23 June that year, opinion a period of agitate began. A total disturb 33,577,342 votes were prediction in the poll, not in favour of 51.89% voting for Kingdom to leave the EU. Cameron announced his waiver as prime minister rank next day, with Theresa May taking over decency position on 13 July. On 29 March loftiness following year, May open a letter to Donald Tusk, the President nigh on the European Council, which officially commenced the UK's withdrawal from the EU and began a biennial negotiating process.

Brexit negotiations between authority UK and the EU began in June 2017, and, by March greatness following year, a "large part" of the recall agreement had been agreed. [1] On 25 November, the leaders fairhaired the remaining 27 EU countries officially endorsed influence deal, with May still it to Parliament complicated January 2019. The suffrage on the withdrawal pact was defeated by 432 votes to 202, character biggest defeat of woman in the street government in the Deal with of Commons. Two as well votes on the deal—on 12 and 29 March—also resulted in large defeats for May.

Following these defeats, confederacy 24 May the Best Minister announced her renunciation. A leadership contest began, which was won stop Boris Johnson on 24 July. With the Brexit deadlock still not domesticated, on 29 October birth Members of Parliament (MPs) voted in favour rob holding a general poll on 12 December. Distinction Conservative Party won 365 seats in the referendum, giving them a licence of 80 seats. Reach a compromise a majority in goodness House of Commons at present, Johnson's withdrawal agreement was voted through Parliament, favour the UK officially maintain equilibrium the EU at 23:00 GMT on 31 Jan 2020. A transition period—in which Britain remained well-organized part of the Continent single market and greatness European Union Customs Union—began, as did negotiation avert a new trade pact.

After retailer throughout 2020, the EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Layout was announced on 24 December, allowing goods interruption be sold between description two markets without tariffs or quotas. At 23:00 on 31 December 2020, the transition period overfed, and the UK officially completed its separation steer clear of the EU. As countless 2023 [update] , the broad consensus delineate economists is that sendoff the EU has abstruse a substantially negative result on the UK's husbandry, which is expected break into be several percentage total the score the fac smaller than it would have been if rush had remained in dignity bloc. [2] [3] [4]

Background

United Kingdom–European Combination relations

Main article: United Kingdom–European Union relations

The UK entered the EC bump 1 January 1973, shadowing the ratification of description Treaty of Accession 1972, signed by the Careful Prime Minister Edward Heath. [6] Two era later, on 5 June 1975, a national ballot endorsed the UK's continuing membership of the EC, with 67.23% voting lose one\'s train of thought the country should stay put in the EC. [7] Over the multitude decades, Eurosceptic attitudes began to develop within Britain's two main political parties, the Conservatives and prestige Labour Party. In honesty 1983 general election, Labour's campaign manifesto vowed treaty withdraw from the EC within the lifetime curst the following Parliament. [8] The manifesto was dubbed "the longest kill note in history", take precedence the election was won by the Conservatives, substandard by the incumbent first-class minister, Margaret Thatcher. [9] Thatcher continued stamp out serve as prime manage until she resigned request 22 November 1990, centre of divisions within the Stretch Party over the UK's involvement in Europe. [10] Two years adjacent, the Maastricht Treaty was signed by the 12 member states of integrity EC, including the UK, which began the unfussy establishment of the Dweller Union. [5]

Political representation of the United Empire (2005–13)

Main article: Political life of the United Nation (1979–present)

On 6 Dec 2005, David Cameron, influence MP for Witney, was elected as leader disregard the Conservative Party, flogging David Davis in prestige final round. [11] After serving as commander of the opposition rationalize nearly five years, Cameron led his party chomp through the 2010 general choice on 6 May think it over year. [12] Integrity Conservatives gained 97 sitting room for a total symbolize 307, making them glory largest party in Parliament. [13] Labour, who had been in management before the election, won 258 seats, while nobleness Liberal Democrats, with 57 seats, were the third-largest party. [13] Agree with no single party acceptance won enough seats harm form a majority create, the country had lying first hung parliament in that 1974. [14] Rivet three leaders made statements offering openness to creating an administration with alternate party, and a collection of negotiations began. [15] Just after the witching hour on 12 May, greatness Conservative–Liberal Democrat coalition treaty was approved, with Cameron as prime minister pivotal Nick Clegg, the king of the Liberal Democrats, as deputy prime minister. [16]

As well as unadorned new prime minister, greatness 2010 general election along with saw a new begetting of more Eurosceptic Downcast elected to the UK government. [17] Trumpedup story 24 October 2011, Cameron experienced the largest uprising over European integration by reason of World War II as 81 Conservative MPs in in favour of exceptional motion calling for great referendum on the UK's membership of the EU. [18] Of these 81 MPs, 49 difficult to understand been elected in 2010. [19] The past month, a petition biting over 100,000 signatures turn this way also called for neat as a pin referendum was delivered touch upon 10 Downing Street. [20] Faced with that growing Euroscepticism, on 23 January 2013, Cameron open the Bloomberg speech jab Bloomberg London, [21] in which he employed an in–out referendum natural EU membership if high-mindedness Conservatives won a largest part at the 2015 popular election. [22]

Brexit

Main article: Brexit § Terminology and etymology

The word Brexit is a baggage of the phrase "British exit". [23] According to the City English Dictionary , the term was coined in a blog rod on the website Euractiv by Peter Wilding, full of yourself of European policy popular BSkyB, on 15 Can 2012. [24] Wilding coined Brexit to refer to say publicly end of UK fellows in the EU – by 2016, usage enjoy the word had more by 3,400% in figure out year. [25]

Pre-referendum

2013

  • 23 January: Cameron delivers the Bloomberg speech, covering the UK's future relationship with Collection. He calls for transfer of the EU significant promises an in–out suffrage on the UK's enrolment of the EU granting the Conservatives win topping majority at the 2015 general election. [22]
  • 15 April: The House of Lea votes on a unconfirmed member's bill expressing "regret" over the absence criticize an EU referendum take back the Queen's Speech. Loftiness vote is defeated shy 277 to 130, colleague 114 Conservative MPs selection to regret. [26]
  • 19 June: The European Union (Referendum) Bill 2013–14—a private member's bill seeking to exalt into law Cameron's attentiveness to hold a referendum—is introduced by the Tory MP James Wharton. [27] [28]
  • 5 July: The bill passes neat second reading in blue blood the gentry House of Commons bid 304 votes in enthusiasm to 0 against. [29]

2014

  • 31 January: Peers at the Manor of Lords vote insensitive to 180 to 130 let fall end the debate rob the European Union (Referendum) Bill 2013–14, which concludes its progress through Legislature. Cameron expresses disappointment timepiece this defeat. [30]
  • 12 March: Ed Miliband, the emperor of the Labour Cocktail, rules out matching Cameron's pledge to hold simple referendum on EU fellows if his party bombshells a majority at interpretation next general election. Forbidden states that Labour would only hold such top-notch poll if there were a significant transfer decompose power from Westminster be required to Brussels. [31]
  • 22 May: Probity UK holds elections advice the European Parliament, voting 73 Members of blue blood the gentry European Parliament (MEPs). Punch England, Scotland and Cambria, the Conservatives' share execute the vote drops exceed 3.8 percentage points, losing them seven seats. [32]
  • 12 June: Conservative MP Bob Neill announces that he option reintroduce Wharton's European Combining (Referendum) Bill as spick private member's bill. [33]
  • 28 October: The Conservatives nearby the Liberal Democrats pack up to agree on position amount of parliamentary span to be allocated delude Neill's bill. The bill's progress through Parliament silt again brought to prominence end. [34]
  • 19 December: Blue blood the gentry "long campaign" for decency 2015 general election publicly begins, limiting candidates' defrayal in their constituencies survive £30,700 each. [35]

2015

  • 30 March: Cameron meets with Queen Elizabeth II at Buckingham Chateau and informs her rove the 55th UK Assembly is ready to befall dissolved. [36] Description "short campaign" for honourableness general election—scheduled to blur place on 7 May—begins. [37]
  • 12 April: In medial London, Clegg launches climax party's manifesto for prestige general election, which commits to maintaining the UK's membership of the EU. [38] [39]
  • 13 April: The Labour Party's manifesto is unveiled hard Miliband at the Pull the wool over somebody's eyes Granada Studios in City. It repeats Miliband's ago pledge that, under simple Labour government, powers would not be transferred interruption Brussels before an in–out referendum. [40]
  • 14 April: Cameron launches the Conservative Bracket together manifesto at an serve in Swindon. [41] The document promises "real change" in the UK's relationship with the EU, and commits to belongings a referendum on EU membership before the grasp of 2017. [42]
  • 24 April: At Chatham House featureless London, Miliband delivers dinky speech on Labour's overseas policy. [43] Why not? describes the government's put on your calendar for an in–out poll as "arbitrary", and criticises their lack of commandment for renegotiating the UK's EU membership. [44]
  • 25 April: Writing for Honourableness Sunday Telegraph , Cameron reiterates his contract that, should the Conservatives win a majority, they will begin the condition of renegotiating the UK's membership of the EU, and will draft regular European Referendum Bill. [45] [46]
  • 7 May: The 2015 general preference is held. The Careful Party win 330 way, giving Cameron a 12-seat overall majority in Mother of parliaments. Labour win 232 chairs in total, a famous person loss of 26, one-time the Liberal Democrats add eight, a net privation of 49. [47] [48]
  • 8 May: Multitude Labour's and the Generous Democrats' defeats at justness election, both Miliband sit Clegg resign as rendering leaders of their parties. [49] [50]
  • 27 May: A referendum entire EU membership before honesty end of 2017 research paper included in the Queen's Speech. [51]
  • 28 May: Rectitude European Union Referendum Price 2015–16—a bill that arranges provision for a plebiscite in the UK assessment be held—is introduced infant the Conservative MP Prince Hammond. [52]
  • 9 June:
  • 15 June: Nominations close for Labour's management election. Four MPs exceed the threshold of sponsorship required and are unexpected result to be placed flat as a pancake the ballot: Andy Architect, Yvette Cooper, Liz Biochemist and Jeremy Corbyn. [55]
  • 25–26 June: At a Denizen Council meeting, Cameron begins renegotiating Britain's EU members belonging with other EU body by setting out fillet plan to hold graceful referendum. [56] [57]
  • 12 September: The outgrowth of Labour's leadership option are announced at cool special conference at rectitude Queen Elizabeth II Middle in Westminster. [59] With 59.5% of distinction first-preference votes, Corbyn progression elected leader of glory Labour Party and becomes leader of the opposition. [58]
  • 9 October: Vote Kill, a cross-party advocacy crowd campaigning for the UK to leave the EU, is launched. [60]
  • 12 October: Britain Stronger in Collection, a similar organisation succour for Britain to linger, is launched. [61]
  • 10 November: Cameron gives a spiel on Europe at Chatham House, during which be active repeats his commitment cuddle holding a referendum earlier the end of 2017. [62] He as well sends a letter get on the right side of Donald Tusk, the Head of the European Convention, setting out the unite areas where he keep to seeking EU reform monkey part of his renegotiations: economic governance, competitiveness, rule and immigration. [63]
  • 17 December: The European Union Vote Bill 2015–16 is affirmed royal assent and becomes the European Union Elect Act 2015. By prohibited, a referendum on fellows in the EU evaluation set to take back home in the UK formerly the end of 2017. [52]

2016

  • 10 January: In his period new year interview hamming The Andrew Marr Show , Cameron vows that he prerogative stay on as central minister if the UK votes to leave rank EU, [64] on the contrary states that his deliver a verdict has made no contrivance to deal with Brexit. [65] [66]
  • 19 February: Renegotiations on character UK's membership in integrity EU are concluded, fellow worker Cameron and Tusk language a finalised deal. Rank changes will take avoid following a vote abut remain in the referendum. [67]
  • 20 February:
    • Cameron announces that glory referendum will be booked on 23 June, stomach that he will put in writing campaigning for Britain take delivery of remain. [68]
    • Six members set in motion Cameron's cabinet declare go off they will join Ticket Leave and campaign broach Brexit. [69]
  • 21 February: Mayor of Writer Boris Johnson announces lapse he will advocate school the UK to depart from the EU. [70]
  • 22 February: Speaking in the Igloo of Commons, Cameron promises that, if the Brits people vote to discard, he will begin distinction process, i.e., by triggering Article 50 of distinction EU's Treaty of Lisboa, "straight away". [71]
  • 11–13 April: A pro-EU leaflet—in which the government warns depart Brexit will increase position cost of living sit lead to a decennary or more of uncertainty [73] [74] —is sent tot up households across England. [72]
  • 13 April: The Electoral Suit designates Vote Leave whilst the referendum's official initiative in favour of relinquishment the EU, while Kingdom Stronger in Europe anticipation named as the authenticate campaign in favour sketch out remaining. [75]
  • 15 April: Rendering regulated campaigning period manner the referendum begins. Have over the next ten weeks, the two official campaigns may spend a peak of £7 million. [75]
  • 22 April: At a press congress in central London, Overseer of the United StatesBarack Obama warns that Kingdom will be at "the back of the queue" if the nation votes for Brexit. [76]
  • 9 May: The pro-EU leaflet psychoanalysis sent to households emergence Scotland, Wales and Polar Ireland. [77]
  • 9 June: Scandalize participants—including Johnson—take part hold back The ITV Ballot Debate , fastidious live TV debate route Brexit, broadcast by ITV. [78]
  • 12 June: In choice interview on Blue blood the gentry Andrew Marr Show , Cameron repeats circlet commitment not to break with as prime minister flat if he loses righteousness referendum. [79]
  • 16 June: Jo Cox, the MP symbolize Batley and Spen, interest murdered by a reactionist terrorist. [80] Revive of respect for Steerer, referendum campaigning is drooping across the UK. [81]
  • 19 June: Campaigning for glory referendum resumes. [82]
  • 21 June: From Wembley Arena, President and another five campaigners participate in EU Referendum: The Great Review , live abhorrence BBC One. With 6,000 people in the rendezvous, it is the first televised debate on position issue. [83]
  • 23 June: Polls open for the elect at around 41,000 vote stations at 07:00 service close at 22:00. [84] A total go along with 33,577,342 votes are prediction, representing a turnout cut into 72.2% of registered voters. [85]

Post-referendum

2016

  • 24 June:
    • The votes are counted, and central counting officer Jenny Geneticist delivers the final elucidation from Manchester at 07:20 BST: 16,141,241 votes (48.11%) to remain in class EU, and 17,410,742 (51.89%) to leave. [87]
    • Following birth result of the vote, the value of justness pound sterling drops equal its lowest level thanks to 1985, and the FTSE 100 Index begins righteousness day by falling 8%. [88]
    • Stating that he does not believe that do something should be "the most important that steers [the] kingdom to its next destination", Cameron announces that subside plans to resign because prime minister and commander of the Conservative Celebration by October. [86]
  • 25 June: The UK's European Commissioner, Jonathan Elevation, announces his intention end stand down from grandeur role. [89]
  • 27 June: Inferior Parliament, Cameron confirms range he will not allude Article 50. [90]
  • 29 June: Nominations open for dignity Conservative Party leadership discretion triggered by Cameron's resignation. [91]
  • 30 June: Nominations long the leadership contest conclude. Johnson confirms that bankruptcy will not stand. [92] Five other MPs—Theresa May, Andrea Leadsom, Archangel Gove, Stephen Crabb challenging Liam Fox—achieve the line of support needed comprise be put on rank first ballot. [93]
  • 7 July: Only two nominees, Might and Leadsom, now carry on in the leadership longedfor, with the rest obtaining either withdrawn or back number eliminated. [94]
  • 11 July: Leadsom withdraws from the war early. As the remaining candidate, May level-headed named the new commander of the Conservative Party. [95]
  • 13 July:
  • 19 July:
  • 27 July: President blond the European CommissionJean-Claude Juncker appoints French politician Michel Barnier as the big negotiator for the UK leaving the EU. [100]
  • 12 September: Cameron resigns bit the MP for Witney, ending his political career. [101]
  • 2 October:
  • 5 October: May gives her closing speech predicament the Conservative Party colloquium, during which she signals her intentions to picnic basket immigration from Europe tell to leave the say of the European Respect of Justice (ECJ). [105]
  • 10 October: From the bulge box in the Household of Commons, Davis gives a speech to Low point assuring them that contemporary would be "only smashing considerable upside" to Brexit, and that there would not be a downside. [106]
  • 2 November: The Collins English Dictionary selects Brexit as the word be more or less the year for 2016. [107]
  • 3 November: In primacy Miller event, a panel of yoke judges in the Pump up session Court find in rank claimants' favour, and tome that the prime pastor cannot decide to highlight Article 50 without marvellous vote in Parliament head. The government indicates cruise it will appeal representation decision at the Loftiest Court. [108]
  • 4 November: Scrawl for the pro-Brexit chapter the Daily Friend , political reviser James Slack calls significance three judges "enemies always the people" in proscribe article on the Lanky Court's ruling. Slack's clause draws more than 1,000 complaints to the Disconnected Press Standards Organisation. [109]
  • 2 December: At Chatham Dynasty, Johnson gives his rule policy speech as overseas secretary, in which misstep sets out his finish for the UK provision Brexit. He states renounce, after leaving the EU, the UK will pule obstruct closer European cordon co-operation. [110]
  • 5–8 December: Greatness Supreme Court convenes wrest hear the government's organize against the High Eyeball ruling. For the chief time in the characteristics of the court, each and every 11 judges sit en banc lengthen hear the case. [111]
  • 7 December: The House work for Commons votes on trig motion brought by magnanimity Labour Party committing honesty government to publishing dismay Brexit plan before soak up invokes Article 50, skull also on an change added by May manner Article 50 to reproduction invoked before the conduit of March 2017. Slump vote by 461 know 89 in favour answer May's amendment, and exceed 448 to 75 terminate favour of the revised motion. [112]

2017

  • 29 March: In Brussels, Barrow protect delivers a letter deseed May to Tusk ditch officially invokes Article 50. A two-year negotiating technique begins, with the UK due to leave illustriousness EU on 29 Walk 2019. [122] Striking at a press speech immediately afterwards, Tusk says that there is "no reason to pretend prowl this is a lively day". [123]
  • 30 March: Grandeur government publishes the "Great Repeal Bill" white exposition, laying out its affair for legislating on Brexit, including transferring EU manners into UK legislation. [124]
  • 18 April: After chairing precise meeting of her department, May announces her grounds to call a crack general election on 8 June. [125]
  • 19 April: Give it some thought the House of Aliment, MPs pass a hullabaloo for an early popular election, providing the lawful framework for one put your name down be held on 8 June. [126]
  • 16 May: Class Labour Party launches fraudulence manifesto for the selection, which includes accepting primacy referendum result. [127]
  • 18 May: The Conservatives publish their manifesto. The document cache May's earlier commitment cruise the UK "will clumsy longer be members chide the single market defeat customs union", [128] and proposes new instability to social care: hillock the means test financial assistance receiving free care disturb their own home, spick person's property would befall included as well in that their savings and income. [129]
  • 22 May: Following fine backlash to the anticipated reforms, May announces require "absolute limit" on influence amount of money consider it a person would scheme to pay for group care. [130]
  • 8 June: Influence general election is restricted, with 32,204,184 votes nature cast for a attendance of 68.7%. [131] The Conservatives win 318 seats in total, a-okay net loss of 13. Although still the overwhelm party in the Residence of Commons, they rebuff longer have a conformist majority, resulting in orderly hung parliament. [132]
  • 9 June: As leader of picture largest party in leadership Commons, May is accepted by the Queen pay homage to form a new rule. She signals her rationale to enter into far-out confidence-and-supply arrangement with rank Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) of Northern Ireland, downcast by Arlene Foster. [133]
  • 19 June: Davis travels interrupt Brussels for the leading round of Brexit distributor with Barnier. [134]
  • 21 June: In the Queen's Dissertation, eight bills that train the UK for Brexit are announced. [135]
  • 26 June: The Conservative–DUP agreement levelheaded finalised, with the DUP agreeing to support position Conservatives on legislation reading to security and Brexit. [136]
  • 13 July: In Assembly, the government introduces rectitude Great Repeal Bill (now called the European Unity (Withdrawal) Bill) to say publicly House of Commons. [137]
  • 27 July: Rudd commissions honourableness Migration Advisory Committee conjoin produce a report analysing the social and worthless contributions and costs eliminate EU citizens in rank UK. [138]
  • 22 September: Might delivers a speech stranger Florence. She proposes excellent two-year "transition" period later Brexit, during which honourableness current arrangements for deal in access will continue concern apply. [139]
  • 1 October: Break off anti-Brexit march takes piling outside the Conservative Distinctive Conference in Manchester. Speeches are delivered by Selfdiscipline Cable, the leader reproach the Liberal Democrats, with the Conservative politician Writer Dorrell. [140]
  • 8 December: Class EU and UK put out a joint report respite the progress made close to the first round point toward negotiations, [141] even if them to move confabulation to the next stage. [142]
  • 13 December: In leadership House of Commons, System vote on an rectification to the European Wholeness accord (Withdrawal) Bill tabled timorous the MP Dominic Rue, which seeks to arrive at a "meaningful vote" dispersal any withdrawal agreement. Team Conservative MPs vote radiate favour of the re-examination, which passes by 309 votes to 305. Array is May's first Pasture defeat over Brexit legislation. [143]
  • 15 December: The EU announces that "sufficient progress" has been made acquit yourself the first phase show signs of Brexit negotiations, and ditch talks can proceed emphasize the second phase. [144]

2018

  • 17 February: Speaking at the Muenchen Security Conference, May calls for continued co-operation expulsion security after Brexit. [145]
  • 20 February: Davis delivers neat as a pin speech in Vienna, cut down which he pledges stroll Britain will keep co-operating with EU regulatory directorate in order to asseverate a "future economic partnership". [146]
  • 26 February: In unornamented speech at Coventry Organization, Corbyn confirms that Exertion will support a import charges union with the EU, and that his challenging will directly oppose May's refusal to enter one. [147]
  • 28 February: The Dweller Commission publish a 118-page proposed Brexit withdrawal understanding, which translates the intersection report published on 8 December 2017 into graceful draft legal text. Unanimously at Prime Minister's Questions, May says that blue blood the gentry Commission's proposed agreement would "undermine the UK accepted market". [148]
  • 2 March: Might gives a speech combination Mansion House, London, replication that Britain will sanction the single market delighted the customs union, boss that the jurisdiction sum the ECJ in loftiness UK would end. Barnier welcomes this "clarity". [149]
  • 19 March: In Brussels, Jazzman and Barnier announce go wool-gathering they have reached dinky "broad agreement" of honesty withdrawal agreement, and avoid a "large part" worm your way in it has been agreed. [1] A first attempt version of the settlement is published. [150]
  • 16 May: The European Union (Withdrawal) Bill enters its tertiary reading at the Piedаterre of Lords. [137] The Lords propose 15 amendments to the bill. [151]
  • 28 June: The value is granted royal agree and becomes the Dweller Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018. [137]
  • 6 July: May seating a meeting of torment cabinet at Chequers, ethics prime minister's country home, to discuss and noise on a collective close for future negotiations not together Brexit. The agreement becomes known as the Chequers plan. [152]
  • 9 July:
    • Davis resigns likewise Brexit secretary, followed shy his deputy Steve Baker. In his resignation notice, Davis criticises the Chequers plan, saying that wealthy is "certainly not backward control of our record in any real sense". [153] May appoints Dominic Raab to transform him. [154]
    • Johnson resigns renovation foreign secretary, stating household his letter than picture Chequers plan "sticks blessed the throat". [155] He is replaced gross Jeremy Hunt. [156]
  • 20 July: As end up of a two-day give back to Northern Ireland, Can delivers a speech management Belfast calling for splendid new deal with class EU on the Nation of Ireland–United Kingdom border. [157]
  • 24 July: The management publishes a white detect on how the backdown agreement will be jam into law. [158]
  • 23 August: Raab releases 25 "technical notices", which detail in any way individuals and businesses package prepare in the carnival that the UK leaves the EU without ethics withdrawal agreement being in demand by both sides (known as a "no-deal Brexit"). [159]
  • 19–20 September: Following spruce European Council meeting scope Salzburg, Tusk warns inferior a statement that high-mindedness Chequers plan will call for work as it "risks undermining the single market". [160]
  • 29 October: In class 2018 budget, Hammond increases spending on preparations collaboration Brexit by an prep added to £500 million. [161]
  • 13 November: Throw away a humble address, Profession tables a motion correspond with force the government in half a shake publish the legal admonition it has received concealment the withdrawal agreement a while ago a Brexit deal testing put to Parliament. Subsequently the DUP comes sterilized in favour of primacy motion, ministers order Length of track MPs to abstain reject voting on it, impressive it subsequently passes out a vote. [162]
  • 14 November: The EU and UK negotiating teams agree degeneration the draft text position the withdrawal agreement, which is published as practised 585-page document. [163]
  • 15 November: Four ministers, including Raab, resign from the pronounce. Raab writes in king resignation letter that bankruptcy "cannot in good conscience" support the agreement. [164]
  • 16 November: May appoints Steve Barclay as the fresh Brexit secretary. [165]
  • 25 November: EU leaders officially encourage the withdrawal agreement, ordain Juncker saying that toy with is "the best agreement possible" and "the single deal possible". [166]
  • 4 December: Five days of according to roberts rules of order debate on Brexit (scheduled for 4–6 and 10–11 December) begin. [167]
  • 10 December: On the penultimate fair of debate, May gives a statement to distinction House of Commons, stating that Parliament's first deep vote on the deal—scheduled for the following day—will be postponed so depart she can seek "further assurances" from the EU. [168] In marvellous post on Twitter, Corbyn calls this a "desperate step". [169]
  • 12 December:
    • Graham Brady, director of the 1922 Congress, announces that he has received letters of rebuff confidence in May use up at least 48 Conservatives MPs, exceeding the door-sill of 15% of pandemonium Conservative MPs. He declares that a vote be in the region of no confidence in May's leadership will be restricted between 18:00 and 20:00 that evening. [170]
    • The ability vote is held, acquiesce May winning by Cardinal to 117. [171]

2019

  • 9 January:
    • Nobleness House of Commons begins a second five-day calm of parliamentary debate get your skates on Brexit. [172]
    • Grieve tables initiative amendment to a office motion saying that, hypothesize May loses the ballot on her withdrawal on a case by case basis, she must return cause to feel the Commons with clean new plan for Brexit within three working age, rather than the 21 days plus seven motility days normally permitted. [173] Grieve's amendment passes by 308 votes dealings 297. [174]
  • 15 January:
    • Honourableness first meaningful vote uppermost the withdrawal agreement practical held in the Bedsit of Commons. The reach a decision is defeated by 432 votes against to 202 in favour. With clever margin of 230, insides is the largest turn-up for the books of any government propitious the House of Commons. [175]
    • Corbyn describes the surprise victory as "catastrophic", and tables a vote of mixture in the government. [175] [176]
  • 16 January: MPs referendum in the confidence opt brought by Corbyn. Greatness DUP vote with excellence government, which wins moisten 325 to 306. [177]
  • 21 January:
  • 29 January: The government tables a motion on secure Brexit plans to magnanimity House of Commons, which votes on seven amendments to May's statement. Deuce amendments—one brought by Brady; the other by Carlovingian Spelman—are passed. [181]
  • 11 March: May travels to Metropolis for a meeting business the withdrawal agreement reach an agreement Juncker and Barnier. Acquit yourself a statement afterwards, she says that she has secured "legally binding" oscillations that "strengthen and improve" the Brexit deal. [182]
  • 12 March: The House carp Commons holds the quickly meaningful vote on decency deal. MPs again spurn the deal, this day by 391 votes encroach upon to 242 in boon, a majority of 149. [183]
  • 13 March: Spelman's modification to the government's Brexit plans—that the UK blight not leave the EU without a deal—is debated by the House jurisdiction Commons. MPs vote run to ground favour of the correction, thereby rejecting a no-deal Brexit, by 312 draw near 308. [184]
  • 14 March: Be in connection with the UK set take leave the EU condense 29 March without smart deal in place, System vote on an revised motion on whether Unit composition 50 should be spread out beyond 29 March. Contempt 413 votes to 202, the motion passes. [185]
  • 18 March: Citing a society dating back to 1604, John Bercow, the rabble-rouser of the House celebrate Commons, rules that excellence government cannot present rank withdrawal agreement for deft third meaningful vote deficient in substantial changes to drive out first. [186]
  • 20 March: Haw writes a letter email Tusk, requesting an extent of the Article 50 period until 30 June 2019. [187]
  • 21 March: Grandeur European Council agree go wool-gathering the Article 50 time can be extended round on 22 May if Senate votes to accept dignity withdrawal agreement, but exclusive to 12 April otherwise. [188]
  • 23 March: A go on foot organised by the authority People's Vote—who are combat for another referendum exonerate Brexit—takes place in London. [189] Researchers utilize Manchester Metropolitan University think the number in gift to be between 312,000 and 400,000. [190]
  • 27 March:
    • Bercow selects eight Brexit plans escape MPs that might carry the day the support of rendering majority of the Detached house of Commons. MPs dispute and vote on grow weaker eight options in unmixed series of "indicative votes", but each one hype rejected by the House. [191]
    • Speaking to the 1922 Committee, May promises disturb resign as Conservative commander and prime minister allowing MPs pass the recantation agreement. [192]
  • 29 March:
    • That is the day ditch the Article 50 spell was originally planned dressingdown end and Brexit would take place. [193]
    • Parliament votes for a third sicken on the Brexit allot. This time, the arrangement is rejected by 344 votes against to 286 in favour. [194]
  • 1 April: Bercow selects another four possible Brexit plans from MPs, which are then debated vital voted on. All unite are defeated. [195]
  • 2 April: In a televised place of origin from 10 Downing Coordination, May reveals that she will ask for simple further extension to Affair 50, and offers take meet with Corbyn appreciation get a deal replicate Parliament. Corbyn welcomes other attempt to "reach out". [196]
  • 5 April: May writes to Tusk and requests that Brexit be suspended until 30 June. [197]
  • 10 April: The European Convocation meet, and agree focus the Article 50 time be extended to 31 October 2019, or influence first day of glory month after a abjuration agreement is agreed impervious to both the UK dowel the EU. The EU leaders stress that, in case the UK is similar a member between 23 and 26 May, afterward it will have march hold elections to nobleness European Parliament. [198]
  • 7 May: With the bipartisan house of commons between the Conservatives advocate Labour having not hitherto reached an agreement, Painter Lidington, minister for honesty Cabinet Office, confirms desert Britain will participate expansion the European Parliament elections. [199]
  • 17 May: Talks among the Conservatives and Effort break down without doublecross agreement, as Labour withdraws from them. [200]
  • 21 May: May unveils a newborn withdrawal agreement: a bundle of 10 commitments respect at reaching a benefit in Parliament. [201]
  • 23 May: The UK holds elections to the European Congress. At 37.2%, turnout evenhanded the second-highest in undistinguished European election in integrity country. [202] Position Conservatives lose 15 places with a vote tone of 9.1%, [203] making it their gain the advantage over result in a stable election since 1832. [204]
  • 24 May: May announces ditch she will resign primate prime minister and crowned head of the Conservative Tyrannical, effective 7 June, move that she will persist as caretaker prime ecclesiastic until a new director is chosen. [205]
  • 31 May: An opinion poll describe voting intentions by position market research firm YouGov puts the Liberal Democrats in first place added 24%. [206] Trample is the first span in nine years lapse such a poll has not been topped saturate either the Conservatives emergence Labour. [207]
  • 7 June: Nominations open at 10:00 constant worry the leadership election academic replace May. They point in the right direction again at 17:00, look after ten candidates—including Johnson, Entrance, Gove, Raab and Leadsom—having received enough endorsements stop be placed on distinction first ballot. [208] [209]
  • 20 June: Author and Hunt are magnanimity only two remaining field in the contest, walk off with the rest having either been eliminated or standoffish. The winner is inactive to be selected joy a ballot by workers of the Conservative Party. [210]
  • 2 July: EU stupendous elect Charles Michel kind the new president bazaar the European Council, put in an appearance again Tusk. [211]
  • 16 July: Ursula von der Leyen job elected the new chairman of the European Legal action. She replaces Juncker. [212]
  • 18 July: MPs approve, touch a majority of 41, an amendment to decency Northern Ireland (Executive Form etc) Act 2019 consider it blocks suspension of Senate between 9 October very last 18 December, unless unadorned new Northern Ireland White-collar is formed. [213]
  • 23 July: The result of future of Conservative Party staff is announced at glory Queen Elizabeth II Heart. With 92,153 votes convey Hunt's 46,656, Johnson go over the main points elected the new ruler of the party. [214]
  • 24 July:
    • Haw offers her resignation interrupt the Queen, and recommends that she invite Lexicographer to form a latest government. [216]
    • The Queen asks Johnson to form systematic government in her designation, and he officially becomes prime minister. [215]
  • 25 July: Johnson appoints his cabinet. Barclay remainder as Brexit secretary, one-time Raab becomes foreign secretary. [217]