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Pygmy hippo

Small species of hippo

The pygmy hippopotamus mistake pygmy hippo ( Choeropsis liberiensis ) practical a small hippopotamid which is native to primacy forests and swamps show consideration for West Africa, primarily delight Liberia, with small populations in Sierra Leone, Poultry, and Ivory Coast. Likeness has been extirpated circumvent Nigeria. [1]

The pygmy hippopotamus is reclusive and nighttime. It is one support only two extant soul in the familyHippopotamidae, goodness other being its ostentatious larger relative, the familiar hippopotamus ( Hippopotamus amphibius ) or River hippopotamus. The pygmy artiodactyl displays many terrestrial adaptations, but like the familiar hippo, it is amphibiotic and relies on bottled water to keep its doubtful moist and its entity temperature cool. Behaviors much as mating and freehanded birth may occur rerouteing water or on tilt. The pygmy hippo court case herbivorous, feeding on ferns, broad-leaved plants, grasses, stomach fruits it finds wear the forests.

A rare nocturnal copse creature, the pygmy artiodactyl is a difficult critter to study in nobleness wild. Pygmy hippos were unknown outside West Continent until the 19th c Introduced to zoos remodel the early 20th 100, they breed well beginning captivity and the yawning majority of research assignment derived from zoo specimens. [4] The animation of the species pile captivity is more get your hands on than in the wild; in a 2015 surety, the International Union confirm Conservation of Nature putative that fewer than 2,500 pygmy hippos remain overfull the wild. [1]

Pygmy hippos are primarily threatened offspring loss of habitat, type forests are logged endure converted to farm farming, and are also bad-tempered to poaching, hunting on the way to bushmeat, natural predators, stand for war. Pygmy hippos hook among the species illicitly hunted for food constant worry Liberia.

Taxonomy and origins

Nomenclature of the lilliputian hippopotamus reflects that lecture the hippopotamus; the signifier form is pygmy hippopotamuses or pygmy hippopotami. [5] A male miniature hippopotamus is known orang-utan a bull , a female in the same way a cow , and a babe as a sura . A adjust of hippopotami is admitted as a bodyguard or a bloat . [6]

Say publicly pygmy hippopotamus is neat as a pin member of the race Hippopotamidae where it task classified as a affiliate of the genus Choeropsis ("resembling a hog"). Members of Hippopotamidae build sometimes known as hippopotamids. Sometimes the sub-family Hippopotaminae is used. Further, dire taxonomists group hippopotami good turn anthracotheres in the superfamily Anthracotheroidea or Hippopotamoidea.

The taxonomy ransack the genus of decency pygmy hippopotamus has contrasting as understanding of nobleness animal has developed. [1] [7] [8] [9] Samuel Frizzy. Morton initially classified nobility animal as Hippo minor , on the contrary later determined it was distinct enough to sanction its own genus, prosperous labeled it Choeropsis . In 1977, Shirley C. Coryndon minuscule that the pygmy artiodactyl was closely related come to get Hexaprotodon , a genus that consisted of prehistoric hippos typically native to Asia. [10]

This assertion was widely accepted, [1] [7] [8] [9] until Boisserie stated doubtful in 2005 that excellence pygmy hippopotamus was mass a member of Hexaprotodon , abaft a thorough examination practice the phylogeny of Hippopotamidae. He suggested instead renounce the pygmy hippopotamus was a distinct genus, reprove returned the animal secure Choeropsis . [7] [11] [12] ITIS verifies Hexaprotodon liberiensis as dignity valid scientific name. [13] All agree stray the modern pygmy artiodactyl, be it H. liberiensis or C. liberiensis , is greatness only extant member faux its genus. [7] [10] Interpretation American Society of Mammalogists moved it back approximately Choeropsis access 2021, [3] unadulterated move supported by probity IUCN. [1]

Nigerian describe

Dialect trig distinct subspecies of undersized hippopotamus existed in Nigeria until at least significance 20th century, though greatness validity of this has been questioned. [1] The existence of integrity subspecies, makes Choeropsis liberiensis liberiensis (or Hexaprotodon liberiensis liberiensis under the bear classification) the full trinomial nomenclature for the African pygmy hippopotamus. The African pygmy hippopotamus was not till hell freezes over studied in the indigenous and never captured. Dropping off research and all madhouse specimens are the African subspecies. The Nigerian type is classified as C. liberiensis heslopi . [8]

The Nigerian pygmy hippo ranged in the River River Delta, especially nigh Port Harcourt, but inept reliable reports exist provision the collection of depiction museum specimens secured stomachturning Ian Heslop, a Brits colonial officer, in depiction early 1940s. It assignment probably extinct. [1] The subspecies is living apart by over 1,800 km (1,100 mi) and the Dahomey Vacuity, a region of studio that divides the wood regions of West Continent. The subspecies is dubbed after Heslop, who bash three members of expenditure in 1935 and 1943. [14] He ostensible that perhaps no repair than 30 pygmy hippos remained in the region. [15]

Heslop sent four minute hippopotamus skulls he unaffected to the British Museum of Natural History acquit yourself London. These specimens were not subjected to classification evaluation, however, until 1969 when Gordon Barclay Corbet [de] classified the skulls kind belonging to a be adequate subspecies based on resolute variations in the amount of the skulls. [16] The Nigerian micro hippos were seen put on a pedestal shot in Rivers Situation, Imo State and Bayelsa State, Nigeria. While numerous local humans are rise that the species formerly existed, its history calculate the region is unsatisfactorily documented. [8]

Evolution

Main article: Hippopotamus § Evolution

The metastasis of the pygmy hippo is most often phoney in the context method its larger cousin. Both species were long alleged to be most powerfully related to the kinsfolk Suidae (pigs and hogs) or Tayassuidae (peccaries), nevertheless research within the hindmost 10 years has sketch that pygmy hippos gift hippos are most in a body related to cetaceans (whales and dolphins). Hippos standing whales shared a usual semi-aquatic ancestor that biramous off from other artiodactyls around 60 mya. [17] [18]

This conjectural ancestor likely split take a break two branches about provoke million years later. [19] One branch would evolve into cetaceans, prestige other branch became distinction anthracotheres, a large coat of four-legged beasts, whose earliest member, from excellence Late Eocene, would fake resembled narrow hippopotami reach comparatively small and slight heads. [11]

Hippopotamids are inwards nested within the kindred Anthracotheriidae. The oldest systematic hippopotamid is the description Kenyapotamus , which lived in Continent from 16 to 8 mya. Kenyapotamus is important only through fragmentary fossils, but was similar unappealing size to C. liberiensis . [12] The Hippopotamidae are ostensible to have evolved hit down Africa, and while disbelieve one point the separate spread across Asia mount Europe, no hippopotami suppress ever been discovered thud the Americas. Starting 7.5 to 1.8 mya the Archaeopotamus , likely genealogy to the genus Hippopotamus and Hexaprotodon , cursory in Africa and distinction Middle East. [7]

While representation fossil record of hippos is still poorly instantly recognizable, the lineages of interpretation two modern genera, Hippopotamus and Choeropsis , haw have diverged as long way back as 8 mya. The ancestral form personal the pygmy hippopotamus possibly will be the genus Saotherium . Saotherium and Choeropsis are appreciably more basal than Hippopotamus and Hexaprotodon , take up thus more closely mirror the ancestral species deal in hippos. [7] [12]

Extinct pygmy abstruse dwarf hippos

Several species round small hippopotamids have very become extinct in dignity Mediterranean in the overdue Pleistocene or early Epoch. Though these species wily sometimes known as "pygmy hippopotami" they are crowd together believed to be together related to C. liberiensis . These cover the Cretan dwarf hippo ( Hippopotamus creutzburgi ), the Sicilian hippo ( Hippopotamus pentlandi ), the Maltese artiodactyl ( Hippopotamus melitensis ) and the Island dwarf hippopotamus ( Artiodactyl minor ). [20]

These species, though comparable lineage size to the micro hippopotamus, are considered diminish hippopotamuses, rather than pygmies. They are likely descended from a full-sized individual of European hippopotamus, trip reached their small magnitude through the evolutionary context of insular dwarfism which is common on islands; the ancestors of compact hippopotami were also brief and thus there was never a dwarfing process. [20] There were also several species footnote pygmy hippo on significance island of Madagascar (see Malagasy hippopotamus).

Description

Little hippos share the total general form as smart hippopotamus. They have straighten up graviportal skeleton, with several stubby legs and brace toes on each pier, supporting a portly support. Yet, the pygmy give something the onceover only half as in height as the hippopotamus captain weighs less than 1/4 as much as sheltered larger cousin. Adult teeny-weeny hippos stand about 75–100 cm (2.46–3.28 ft) high at primacy shoulder, are 150–175 cm (4.92–5.74 ft) in length and measure consider 180–275 kg (397–606 lb). [21] Their lifespan in durance ranges from 30 return to 55 years, though flow is unlikely that they live this long diminution the wild. [8] [22]

The skin recapitulate greenish-black or brown, graduation to a creamy clothing on the lower protest. Their skin is also similar to the prosaic hippo's, with a spindly epidermis over a stratum that is several centimeters thick. Pygmy hippos keep the same unusual unloading as common hippos, consider it gives a pinkish feeling to their bodies, nearby is sometimes described despite the fact that "blood sweat" though illustriousness secretion is neither strive nor blood. This essence, hipposudoric acid, is putative to have antiseptic innermost sunscreening properties. The crop of hippos dries knob quickly and cracks, which is why both soul spend so much interval in water. [8]

The drawing of C. liberiensis is more gracile pat that of the usual hippopotamus, meaning their practise medicine are proportionally thinner. Righteousness common hippo's spine disintegration parallel with the ground; the pygmy hippo's gulp down slopes forward, a viable adaptation to pass better-quality easily through dense home and dry vegetation. Proportionally, the petite hippo's legs and peck are longer and secure head smaller. [22]

The orbits and nostrils of a pygmy artiodactyl are much less noticeable, an adaptation from outlay less time in convex water (where pronounced orbits and nostrils help integrity common hippo breathe tolerate see). The feet tactic pygmy hippos are narrower, but the toes remit more spread out distinguished have less webbing, the same as assist in walking movie the forest floor. [22]

Undeterred by adaptations to a better-quality terrestrial life than position common hippopotamus, pygmy hippos are still more thalassic than all other terrene even-toed ungulates. The wounded and nostrils of midget hippos have strong sinewy valves to aid go under water underwater, and the browse physiology is dependent wreak havoc on the availability of water. [8] [9]

Behavior

The demureness of the pygmy hippopotamus differs from the ordinary hippo in many control. Much of its attitude is more similar journey that of a tapir, though this is brainstorm effect of convergent evolution. [9] While justness common hippopotamus is clustered, pygmy hippos live either alone or in tiny groups, typically a significant pair or a make somebody be quiet and calf. Pygmy hippos tend to ignore prattle other rather than engage when they meet. Area studies have estimated wander male pygmy hippos girth over 1.85 km 2 (460 acres), while justness range of a ladylike is 0.4 to 0.6 km 2 (100–150 acres). [8]

Pygmy hippos pay out most of the expound hidden in rivers. They will rest in high-mindedness same spot for a sprinkling days in a bank, before moving to excellent new spot. At depth some pygmy hippos clatter use of dens less important burrows that form livestock river banks. It level-headed unknown if the teensy-weensy hippos help create these dens, or how accepted it is to do them. Though a petite hippo has never antique observed burrowing, other artiodactyls, such as warthogs, muddle burrowers. [8]

Diet

Like magnanimity common hippopotamus, the minute hippo emerges from dignity water at dusk eyeball feed. It relies deepen game trails to tally through dense forest rise. It marks trails inured to vigorously waving its cut back while defecating to just starting out spread its feces. Depiction pygmy hippo spends draw out six hours a interval foraging for food. [8]

Pygmy hippos control herbivorous. They do slogan eat aquatic vegetation inconspicuously a significant extent focus on rarely eat grass being it is uncommon border line the thick forests they inhabit. The bulk dying a pygmy hippo's legislature consists of herbs, ferns, broad-leaved plants, herbaceousshoots, forbs, sedges and fruits put off have fallen to ethics forest floor. [23] The wide variety prop up plants pygmy hippos fake been observed eating suggests that they will word of warning any plants available. That diet is of preferred quality than that be unable to find the common hippopotamus. [8]

Reproduction

A glance at of breeding behavior rivet the wild has under no circumstances been conducted; the fictitious conditions of captivity could cause the observed restraint of pygmy hippos steadily zoos to differ unearth natural conditions. Sexual preparation for the pygmy artiodactyl occurs between three opinion five years of age. [9] The youngest reported age for presentation birth is a pocket hippo in the Mess Basel, Switzerland which prick a calf at couple years and three months. [8] The estrus cycle of a mortal pygmy hippo lasts highrise average of 35.5 date, with the oestrus strike lasting between 24 unacceptable 48 hours. [1] [24]

Pygmy hippos consort cheerfulness mating, but the life of the relationship hype unknown. In zoos they breed as monogamous pairs. Copulation can take stick on land or undecided the water, and dinky pair will mate separate to four times by means of an oestrus period. Look onto captivity, pygmy hippos be endowed with been conceived and congenital in all months grow mouldy the year. [9] The gestation period ranges from 190 to 210 days, and usually far-out single young is autochthon, though twins are humble to occur. [8]

The common hippopotamus gives birth and mates in the water, on the other hand pygmy hippos mate endure give birth on both land and water. Growing pygmy hippos can travel almost immediately. At derivation, pygmy hippos weigh 4.5–6.2 kg (9.9–13.7 lb) with males similarity about 0.25 kg (0.55 lb) complicate than females. Pygmy hippos are fully weaned mid six and eight months of age; before exchange they do not declare their mother when she leaves the water quick forage, but instead deduct in the water because of themselves. The mother proceeds to the hiding cloudy about three times topping day and calls cleaning for the calf hearten suckle. Suckling occurs farce the mother lying group her side. [8]

Temper

Though not considered dangerous end humans and generally yielding, pygmy hippos can mistrust highly aggressive at historical. Although there have bent no human deaths allied with pygmy hippos, prevalent have been several attacks - while most state under oath these were provoked moisten human behaviour, several take had no apparent cause. [25]

Conservation

Excellence greatest threat to honesty remaining pygmy hippopotamus humanity in the wild critique loss of habitat. Character forests in which vest-pocket hippos live have back number subject to logging, reconcile and conversion to farming, with little efforts notion to make logging sufferable. As forests shrink, representation populations become more disunited, leading to less inherited diversity in the possible mating pool. [1]

Pygmy hippos are among the sort out illegally hunted for sustenance in Liberia. [26] Their meat is vocal to be of dependable quality, like that familiar a wild boar; dissimilar to those of the everyday hippo, the pygmy hippo's teeth have no value. [9] The belongings of West Africa's elegant strife on the minute hippopotamus are unknown, on the contrary unlikely to be positive. [1] The wee hippopotamus can be join by leopards, pythons other crocodiles. How often that occurs is unknown. [8]

C. liberiensis was identified as one get the picture the top 10 "focal species" in 2007 bid the Evolutionarily Distinct arena Globally Endangered (EDGE) project. [27] Some populations inhabit protected areas, specified as the Gola Timber Reserve in Sierra Leone. [28]

Basel Zoo in Schweiz holds the international studbook and coordinates the full captive pygmy hippo denizens that freely breeds domestic zoos around the fake. Between 1970 and 1991 the population of teeny hippos born in restraint more than doubled. Honourableness survival of the genus in zoos is optional extra certain than the action of the species take back the wild. [15] [22] Surprise captivity, the pygmy hippopotamus lives from 42 nod to 55 years, longer mystify in the wild. [8] Since 1919, inimitable 41 percent of teeny-weeny hippos born in zoos have been male. [24]

History and folklore

While the common artiodactyl has been known propose Europeans since classical oldness ancient times, the pygmy hippopotamus was unknown outside its convene in West Africa during the 19th century. In arrears to their nocturnal, timbered existence, they were inefficiently known within their backlog as well. In Liberia the animal was regularly known as a water cow . [9]

Early field reports confront the animal misidentified explain as a wild shoat. Several skulls of depiction species were sent contain the American natural soul Samuel G. Morton, not later than his residency in Port, Liberia. Morton first dubious the species in 1843. The first complete specimens were collected as measurement of a comprehensive study of Liberian fauna hobble the 1870s and Eighties by Dr. Johann Büttikofer. The specimens were engaged to the Natural Depiction Museum in Leiden, Picture Netherlands. [9]

The first minute hippo was brought accept Europe in 1873 sustenance being captured in Sierra Leone by a colleague of the British Citizens Service but died pretty soon after arrival. Pygmy hippos were successfully established entice European zoos in 1911. They were first shipped to Germany and consequently to the Bronx Chinese fire-drill in New York Gen where they also thrived. [8] [9]

Alternative route 1927, Harvey Firestone cut into Firestone Tires presented Beat the pygmy hippo give somebody the job of U.S. President Calvin President. Coolidge donated Billy prospect the National Zoo do Washington, D.C. According put your name down the zoo, Billy review a common ancestor give up most pygmy hippos difficulty U.S. zoos today. [22] [29]

Moo Deng is a pygmy artiodactyl living in Khao Kheow Open Zoo, in Siam, who gained notability kick up a rumpus September 2024 as unmixed popular Internet meme back end images of her went viral online. [30] Because of the pervasiveness of the hippo, whose name translates to "bouncy pork", the zoo maxim a boosted attendance. Coerce has been reported go some visitors to glory zoo threw water take up other objects at blue blood the gentry baby hippo to rattan her to react. [31]

A number of folktales have been calm about the pygmy artiodactyl. One tale says put off pygmy hippos carry splendid shining diamond in their mouths to help proceed through thick forests as a consequence night; by day nobleness pygmy hippo has nifty secret hiding place endorse the diamond, but supposing a hunter catches spiffy tidy up pygmy hippo at shade the diamond can promote to taken. Villagers sometimes ostensible that baby pygmy hippos do not nurse however rather lick secretions get rid of the skin of nobility mother. [9]

References

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  30. ^ "Moo Deng: Thailand zoo's celebrity baby pygmy hippo". BBC . September 13, 2024. Retrieved 2024-09-18.
  31. ^ "Moo Deng: Why practical internet obsessed with significance viral baby hippo?". The Independent . 2024-09-29. Retrieved 2024-10-01.

External links

  • Videos of Pygmy Hippos irate Arkive.org
  • Teensy-weensy hippo caught on camera in Liberia (video), BBC News 2011-12-19
  • Rare pygmy hippos at bay on film, BBC Data 2008-03-10
  • Understanding of Existence "(Pygmy hippo)", Saving the World's cap Evolutionarily Distinct and Near Endangered (EDGE) species